Water is a substance that has a very important role in the survival of humans and other living beings. Humans will die early due to lack of water, not lack of food. In the human body itself is composed primarily of water. Adult body, approximately 55-60% of body weight is water, for children of about 65% and 80% for infants. Water is necessary for humans to meet the diverse interests, such as drinking, cooking, washing bath, and agriculture.
According to WHO calculations, in developed countries, each person needs 60 to 120 liters of water per day. While developing countries including Indonesia, each person needs 30 to 60 liters of water per day. Between ease of use, ease of use of water is most important is the need to drink. Therefore, the purpose of drinking water must have specific requirements for the water that does not cause disease in humans.
Clean water and healthy
Drinking water must be sterile (sterile = does not contain parasites). The sources of drinking water in general and in rural areas, in particular, are not protected so that water does not meet or does not meet health requirements. The first requirement of transformation.
For the treatment of drinking water can be done in two ways, as follows:
1. Cooking or boiling water, so that all the germs ¬ death penalty. This method takes time and can not be done on a large scale.
2. Use of chemicals such as chlorine gas, chlorine and others. This can be done on a large scale ¬, fast and cheap.
While the water does not cause disease, then the water must try to meet the medical requirements, at least he tried to meet these needs. Clean water must meet the following requirements:
1. Physical Requirements
The physical demands of the water is clear (colorless), not the taste, the temperature below the temperature of outside air so that in everyday life. How to find water that meets the physical requirements are not difficult.
2. Conditions of biological weapons
For potable water must be free of all bacteria, particularly pathogenic bacteria. Way to know if your drinking water contaminated with pathogenic bacteria is to examine a sample (sample) of water. And if the examination of 100 cc of water contained less than 4 bacteria E. coli water meets health.
3. Terms of chemicals
Drinking water should contain specific substances within a certain time anyway. Deficiency or excess of a chemical in water causes physiological disorders in humans. In accordance with the principle of appropriate technology in rural areas, drinking water comes from springs and wells in water can be accepted as a. Healthy and fulfilling the requirements of the three mentioned above, provided that no contaminated by impurities, especially faeces, feed and sources or sinks in rural areas should have the control and protection to avoid contamination by the population uses water .
Source of drinking water
In principle, all the water can be turned into drinking water. Water sources, as follows:
1. Rainwater
Rainwater can be collected and used as drinking water, rain water, but does not contain calcium. Therefore, for drinking water must be added to the calcium in it.
2. Rivers and lakes
Rivers and lakes based on origin also comes from rainwater that flows through the pipes into the river or lake. Both water sources are often called surface water. Because the river and the lake water has been contaminated or polluted by all kinds of dirt, then when the water will be treated first.
3. Spring
The water coming out of spring water comes from groundwater that comes naturally. Therefore, the water from this spring until they have been contaminated with fecal matter can already be used directly as drinking water. But because we have not really sure if it could not be boiled before drinking contaminated water.
4. Water wells
Shallow water and the water that comes out of the ground, called ground water. The water comes from groundwater in the superficial layers. The depth of this layer from the surface of the water table is different from place to place. 5 to 15 feet from the ground. Pump shallow water and is very unhealthy as a result of faecal contamination of the soil surface is still there. They must be boiled before consumption.
Water wells in the water that comes from the second layer of water on the ground. The depth of the soil surface is usually more than 15 meters. Therefore, the majority of water wells in this well enough to be used as drinking water directly (without going through the process).
Treatment of drinking water
There are several ways to treat drinking water are:
1. The treatment of nature
Processing in the form of water storage from various sources, such as lake water, river water, water wells, and so on. Inside the storage of water for a few hours in his place. Then comes the coagulation of substances in water and eventually form a precipitate. The water will be clear that the particles that exist in the water to come and settle.
2. Water treatment filtration
Filtration can be done with fibers of gravel, sand and palm trees. Sand filtration high technology by the PAM (Water Company), the results can be consumed by the public.
3. Added water treatment chemicals
The chemicals used can be of two types of chemicals used to hasten the end of the precipitation and coagulation (alum, for example). The second is a chemical used to disinfect (kills germs in water, such as chlorine (Cl).
4. The water flows through the water treatment
The ultimate goal is to eliminate the taste and odor, eliminating the gases are not needed, such as CO2, and also increase the acidity of water.
5. Treatment of hot water until it boils
The goal is to kill germs in water. The treatment is most appropriate only for the use of small size, for domestic needs. View of the customer, water treatment, in principle, can be classified into two namely:
For the treatment of public drinking water
The pools of rainwater. Rainwater can be collected in a dam (reservoir), which is based on the participation of local communities. All the rainwater that flows into the lake through the gorge. Then around the lake are pumps or wells for the public. Rainwater can also be accommodated with an integrated tank ferosemen and the surrounding rooftops to collect rain water. Around the bathtub is made of a canal to bring water to the public. Rainwater is the property (lake) and the tank is not guaranteed to cook bacterial family obligations just like boiling water.
6. Treatment of river water
River water flowing into the reservoir through a sieve to separate the solids in my big big. I was given a filter tank made of fiber, sand, gravel, etc.. Then the water flows in the second tank. Here are affixed alum and chlorine. Then the flow of the population or the population is taken directly there. Be free of bacteria when the water must be boiled before consumption.
7. Eye of Water Treatment
Springs that naturally arise in the villages should be managed by the protection of water resources to avoid contamination by dirt. From there, the water can be supplied to homes through bamboo tubes or may delay its own people to resources that have been protected.
8. For household water treatment
Pump well water, and water, especially enough to meet the health needs. But this pump wells in rural areas are still expensive, but it is still considered a high-technology to rural communities. Much more common in rural areas dug wells.
For the water pump and is not contaminated by dirt dug around it, the need for the term as follows:
There should be good so that when the season comes huujan, groundwater will not enter.
At the top of about 3 m from the soil ppermukaan walls, so that the water, he can not be the dirty water.
This should be a layer of gravel in bbawah well to reduce the turbidity.
Instead of gravel, can be inserted into the well of a substance that can form a precipitate, such as aluminum sulfate (alum).
Cleaning the wells of turbid water that can be done by filtering with a filter that can be made from tin cans.
9. Rainwater
Domestic water can also be done by rainwater. Each family can make the rainwater from the eaves of their respective ¬ from the stream. In the rainy season is not a problem, but in the dry season can be a problem. To meet the needs of families of rainwater tanks in order to have a larger tank for the dry season.
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